< Back Scaphoid Fracture scaphoid-fracture Previous Next

< Back Dr. Ali KOC Spine / Trauma Previous Next

< Back Vascular Supply of the Hand vascular-supply Previous Next

< Back Principles of Osteotomy principles-of-osteotomy Previous Next

< Back Foot & Toes C A foot-toes Previous Next

< Back Humeral Osteotomies humeral-osteotomies Previous Next

< Back Pelvic Ring Pelvic ring injuries range from stable, low-energy fractures to life-threatening unstable disruptions. Accurate classification and management are critical due to potential vascular and visceral injuries. Main Text: The pelvic ring is a closed osteoligamentous structure. Disruptions may result from high-energy trauma such as motor vehicle collisions or falls from height. The Young-Burgess and Tile classification systems are commonly used to guide diagnosis and management. Stable fractures are often treated conservatively, while unstable injuries may require surgical fixation with external fixators, plates, or percutaneous screws. Assessment must include vascular, urogenital, and neurologic examination. Early stabilization reduces hemorrhage risk and facilitates mobilization. pelvic-ring Previous Next

< Back Phalangeal Fractures phalangeal-fractures Previous Next

< Back Bone Loss Management bone-loss-management Previous Next

< Back Chance Fractures vv Previous Next

< Back Dr. Ahmet Müçteba Yıldırım Staging Systems (Enneking, AJCC) Staging plays a crucial role in treatment planning and prognosis estimation for primary bone and soft tissue tumours. The two main systems used in orthopaedic oncology are: Enneking Staging System (commonly used in surgical planning) AJCC TNM Staging System (widely used in oncology) 1. Enneking Staging – Bone Sarcomas This system includes: Grade (G): Histological aggressiveness T (Tumour extension): Local vs extracompartmental M (Metastasis): Distant spread 2. Grade Classification (Enneking) G1 (Low Grade): Mild atypia, mitosis <1/10 HPF Examples: ACT, parosteal osteosarcoma G2 (High Grade): Distinct atypia, mitosis 1–2/10 HPF Examples: Classic osteosarcoma, Grade 2 chondrosarcoma G3 (Anaplastic/Dedifferentiated): Marked atypia, mitosis >2/10 HPF Examples: Ewing sarcoma, undifferentiated chondrosarcoma 3. T & M Definitions (Enneking) T1: Tumour within compartment T2: Extension to soft tissue, skip metastasis, or pelvic involvement M1: Presence of distant metastasis 4. Enneking Stage Summary Table Stage IA Grade 1 (low grade) Tumour confined within the bone (T1) No metastasis (M0) Stage IB Grade 1 Tumour has extended beyond the compartment (T2) No metastasis (M0) Stage IIA Grade 2 or 3 (high grade) Tumour confined (T1) No metastasis (M0) Stage IIB Grade 2 or 3 Tumour has spread beyond compartment (T2) No metastasis (M0) Stage III Any grade Any tumour extent Distant metastasis present (M1) 5. AJCC Staging – Bone Tumours (8th Edition) More commonly used by oncologists. Uses: T (Tumour size) N (Lymph node involvement) M (Metastasis site: M1a = lung, M1b = other) Grade (G1–G4) 6. T Category Definitions (AJCC) T1: ≤5 cm T2: >5–10 cm T3: >10–15 cm T4: >15 cm 7. AJCC Bone Staging Table StageTNMGradeIAT1N0M0G1–2IBT2–T3N0M0G1–2IIAT1N0M0G3–4IIBT2N0M0G3–4IIIT3N0M0G3–4IVAny TN1 or M1Any MAny G 8. AJCC – Soft Tissue Sarcomas (Extremity & Trunk) Uses TNM + Grade system. Version 8 no longer considers superficial vs deep location. Grade Definitions: G1: Well-differentiated (e.g., liposarcoma) G2: Moderately differentiated (e.g., leiomyosarcoma) G3: Poorly/undifferentiated (e.g., pleomorphic or synovial sarcoma) References Siegel, G. W., & Biermann, J. S. OKU: Musculoskeletal Tumours 5 Choi, J. H., & Ro, J. Y. 2020 WHO Classification of Bone Tumours Tanaka, K., & Ozaki, T. AJCC 8th Edition – Bone & Soft Tissue Tumours Enneking Staging – Bone Sarcomas AJCC Staging in Primary Bone Malignancies AJCC – Soft Tissue Sarcomas 8th AJCC Staging of Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Extremities and Trunk Previous Next

< Back Dr. Osman Emre AYCAN Istanbul Metin Sabancı Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Education and Training 2009 – 2015 – Istanbul Metin Sabancı Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital , Residency in Orthopaedics and Traumatology Thesis Advisor: Dr. Sami Sökücü 2001 – 2007 – Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine (English Program) Professional Experience 2020 – Present – Istanbul Metin Sabancı Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital , Orthopaedic Surgeon 2015 – 2020 – Istanbul Metin Sabancı Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital , Orthopaedic Specialist 2009 – 2015 – Istanbul Metin Sabancı Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital , Resident Physician in Orthopaedics and Traumatology Oncologic Orthopaedics Previous Next