Topics
Throwing Athlete Injuries
Distal Biceps Rupture
Distal Triceps Rupture
• Rarest major tendon rupture — <1% of all tendon injuries; most common in males aged 30–50 • Mechanism: eccentric load on a contracting triceps (FOOSH, fall on elbow, direct blow) • Insertion at the olecranon tip — bony avulsion is the most common pattern (~75%) • Strong association with systemic risk factors: anabolic steroids, chronic renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, fluoroquinolone use • Clinical diagnosis: palpable gap at olecranon tip + weak or absent active elbow extension • Thompson squeeze test: squeeze triceps belly — elbow should extend; no extension = complete rupture • Complete rupture → surgical repair; partial rupture (<50%) → non-operative if extension is maintained • Repair within 2–3 weeks strongly recommended — chronic tears require tendon reconstruction
SHOULDER ANATOMY
Monteggia Fractures
Olecranon Fractures
Elbow Stiffness
Radial Head Fractures
Fractures of the radial head, most commonly resulting from a fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH) Frequently associated with elbow instability injuries